Images

The Mufti and the Monster by Jacopo Ligozzi 1576-80

The Mufti, 'Pope of the Turks', is with a half-man half-monster.
The Mufti is testing the spiked club, suggesting sinister intentions

Front cover of The Ceremonies and Religious customs of the various nations...

The epitome of the Western Enlightenment, Bernard Picart’s frontispiece to his 'Histoire générale des ceremonies, moeurs et coutumes religieuses de tous les peoples du monde' depicts the religions of the world.
The Muslims sit underneath a small cliff grouped around a camel just at the mouth of hell.

Britannia spurns the 'savage Turk'

"Not with hands of that colour"

Britain spurns the advances of The Sultan, slaughtered women and children in the background.
Islamophobia , 1876; Punch magazine

The Mosque (Arab Holiday), 1881. Renoir.

Borrowed from the Angry Arab who comments: "Notice that Arabs in classical Orientalist paintings were, and still are in Western media photography, always a mob, or an indistinguishable blob."